ATT Overview Essay - 999 Words

Have you ever wondered how your phone company started out? Or the new innovations it has brought about? And maybe even how the business is run? Well, today I’m going to talk about ATT’s history, the products it sells, the employee jobs and U-verse. ATT’s roots stretches all the way back to 1875, when Alexander Graham Bell created the first telephone. The main reason ATT was created was to exploit the creation of the telephone. ATT became a parent company to the Bell system, which was a phone company monopoly. They created a long distance telephone network that went from New York to Chicago and then on to San†¦show more content†¦Over the next four years, ATT took action to succeed in changing the environment. It invested 35 billion dollars upgrades to its infrastructure. By mid –2000 ATT had evolving networks- data, broadband and wireless. IN January 2005, ATT bought SBC for 16 billion dollars and this created the industry’s premier communications and networking company. And just recently ATT has merged with Cingular to created even more ties to what you like. Some of the products they have in their cellphone section is the new iPhone, it has a touch screen and internet capabilities. ATT also has the first live video feed phone, where you can talk to each other live, but only a few phones have this feature, they are sure that other companies will follow their lead. Also, most newer phones have the walkman radio, e-mail, IM, Internet access and also have MP3 capabilities. This product was sure to please the younger consumers. In addition, ATT wireless is the only company to offer rollover minutes and the unity plan. The Unity plan is were you can call any land-line that is an ATT subscriber and any ATT cellphone without having to use your â€Å"any-timeà ¢â‚¬  minutes. Discounts are offered to their employees and the public that work for various coorporations There are many careerShow MoreRelatedMacroecnomics1187 Words   |  5 Pages1. 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For a Better Way of Living Free Essays

The economic article A Better Way’s main thesis is that productivity has paved the way for a better living in today’s world. The article starts off with a general but historical background of how production was in the earlier years and lays down the path of productivity which led to its positive effects in the present. It further points out how a closed-mind towards productivity is actually detrimental for future advancement. We will write a custom essay sample on For a Better Way of Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will both discuss the key points of the article and my reaction to the same. The general map and cycle of productivity is this: human beings used to do everything by themselves. The entire body of a person is used from the physical to the mental. There was need for muscle power and agility to be able to work. Then came the inventions that rapidly took over the work that humans used to do. It is at this point that human workers are displaced and had to look for other jobs to do. This general map and cycle is best exemplified in the agrarian sector wherein farmers used to everything in the farm from tilling the soil to planting the crops to harvesting. And yet with the invention of machineries, tools, irrigation, and even the appearance of scientifically altered and advanced seeds, farmers had no place in the farm. And so they had to leave the farms for the city to work in factories and the industrial sector. At this point, another cycle begins. Assembly lines in factories are replaced by machines that can do the job better, faster and more efficiently. There was more output for a shorter span of time when machines are used. Once again, the worker is displaced. Productivity is one cycle that is very much disliked by the average worker. It is the kind of change that is not readily acceptable as its short term effects are negative for the ordinary man. It seems that with the proliferation and rapid emergence of different kinds of technologies, it seems that there is no more need for a human being in the workforce. Industries are no longer satisfied with the physical skills of a person. There is a clamor for the mental capacity of a worker. Anything related to muscle power is no longer enough since there are many machines and even robots that can do the job. Of course, the initial capital output or investment on such advancements are really expensive, compared to just hiring someone to do the job. And yet in the long run, the investment pays off. The article defends productivity in the sense that productivity actually creates more jobs for the workforce. It says that although the initial effect is that workers are displaced, these workers can actually shift to other industries where their talents are needed and will be more helpful. It further provides that there is a hierarchy of talents that productivity can never replace such as imagination and creativity. Although it is a valid point that machines can never be creative or imaginative, it cannot be discounted that creativity and imagination is only available to a limited number of jobs such as the music, literary, and film industry. This then comes to my mind: productivity involves the manual aspect of the workforce. When technology takes over the manual skills of industries, the only thing needed is mental skills. And these mental skills often require a certain amount of schooling and education. Going back to farmers who may not have been able to go to school, or the city children who could not afford to go to college, where will they be found when all the blue-collar jobs are taken over by robots? What will happen when labor becomes immobile? Surely, the idea of more for less will be applauded by business owners and traders and economists. But where will this leave the average Joe? I am not against the arguments of the article. In fact I do admit that productivity definitely has its advantages. For example, although the email has made communications easier, there are still those things that cannot be sent over the internet such as bulky packages. For this, manual labor is still needed. And yet it is easier and faster to receive packages nowadays since there are trucks and airplanes that could bring them to you, instead of a messenger on foot. Life is indeed much better, even if this imaginary messenger of mine had lost his job. I also admit that it is people who are responsible for all these advancements. It is the brightness of the human mind and human nature’s need for progress that brought about all these. And yet I ask, when will the world say, I am satisfied? Living standards may be better now but isn’t anyone afraid that there will come a time that machines will rule our world and people will just be subordinate to them? It may seem like a ridiculous idea but in our day and age where robots are invented as housemaids, it doesn’t sound so crazy after all. The unmeasured payoffs of productivity seem so enticing at first look. But there will come a time when displaced workers have no more industries to go to; when even college graduates cannot find a job because technology does it for them. The question will be: now what? Imagination and creativity can only go so far. When the productivity cycle suddenly stops, when labor can no longer exercise its mobility, when inventions start inventing, it will probably only be mothers who will have a full-time job. After all, technology can never replace the touch and love of a mother. How to cite For a Better Way of Living, Papers

Alternatives of Network File System Essay Example For Students

Alternatives of Network File System Essay Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 5The relation between the NFS server andClient file systems 6Architecture of NFS8Alternative for NFS9What is CIFS (SMP)..9comparison between NFS and CIFS(SMP)11Conclusion.15Bibliography..17 Since human beings have used Computers , the request of being rich ,and getting more information quicker than before has increased . Have you ever found yourself rushing from one computer to another in your office or home ,attending to several different jobs at various location? Or do you often find yourself moving files that need printing from a PC that you happen to be working on the PC that is Connected to the printer ?You may have heard a lot about the advantages of using the internet for sending e-mail, and decided that you want to get connected . Or perhaps you are already connected to the internet through a single PC/Modem , but want all of your office colleagues to have access . All of these situations can be made easier by allowing the various machines to communicate with each other by networking the PCs but sometime you dont know that your PC has (NFS) operating system for sharing file systems and directories across TCP/IP based Networks. Network File System (NFS) is a popular network operating system and its a distributed file system that allows users to access files and directories located on remote Computers and treat those files and directories as if they were local. For example, users can use operating system commands to create, remove, read write and set files attributes for remotes files and directories. NFS was first introduced by Sun Microsystems in the early 1980s and was quickly adopted as de facto standard for sharing files and printers between UNIX system. This standard was extended to include PCs and became the basis for must transparent file and print connectivity software solutions . Examples of using NFSCreating a /usr/local environment in a multi architecture environment. Some directories such as man and doc are architecture neutral, others such as bin and lib are architecture specific. Creating a rational user file system, when users have files located on their specific machines NFS can be used to make it look coherent on the server. Creating a central mail spool for all users. This allows users to sign on any machine and access there mail. In this report , I highlighted some inquires that related with NFS such as :Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 The NFS standard, which Sun created and turned over to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), enables diverse oper ating environments to access and share remote files across the network. NFSv4 improves on four areas of the standard: security, performance, interoperability and Internet access. To provide strong security for NFS v4, implementations of the protocol must provide for the use of Kerberos V5 and Public Key Infrastructures through the use of the Low Infrastructure Public Key, LIPKEY; dynamic client response to changes on NFS servers; namespaces that are compatible across all platforms; client file caching that provides for good performance via the Internet while maintaining performance in the traditional LAN environment; and compound operations to minimize the number of connections necessary per transfer. The relationship between NFS server and Client file system. NFS consists of the NFS server and the NFS client software. The NFS server is implemented as a daemon, waiting for requests from clients. The NFS server does not retain the state of the NFS client. NFS is designed to give users high performance, transparent access to server file systems on global networks. Some of the most important design principles are summarized below:Transparent Access, Statelessness, Portability, Fast Recovery From Failure, Network Protocol Independence, Performance, Security. Are there any Alternative for NFS?-AFS Andrew File System developed at CMU -DFS Distributed File System from OSF. -RFS Remote File System found on older V.3 versions -Netware Novell based file system. -CIFS Common Internet File SystemCIFS defines a standard remote file system access protocol for use over the Internet, enabling groups of users to work together and share documents across the Internet or within their corporate intranets. CIFS is an open, cross-platform technology based on the native file-sharing protocols built into Microsoft Windows and other popular PC operating systems, and supported on dozens of other platforms, including UNIX. With CIFS, millions of computer users can open and share remote files on the Internet without having to install new software or change the way they work. Technology comparison between NFS and CIFS(SMP). In every textbook description of NFS, its statelessness is emphasized. NFS operations are idempotent (can be repeatedly applied harmlessly), or if non-idempotent (e.x., file deletion) are managed safely by the server. Clients are oblivious to server reboots (if service is restored promptly), with few exceptions. The NFS protocol emphasizes error recovery over file locking error recovery is simple if no state need be preserved. A CIFS file server is not stateless. The CIFS protocol emphasizes locking over error recovery because PC application software relies on strict locking. Strict locking requires a sustained connection. It is imperative that an active session not be interrupted. Applications executing on PC clients react to a CIFS server in exactly the same manner as they do to local disk drives: a down server is no different a condition than an unresponsive disk drive. Therefore, PC clients must be warned and allowed time to gracefully disengage (i.e., save files, exit applicat ions, and so on) before server shutdowns or reboots. I have explaned similarly points between NFS and CIFS ,which to be provided in the conclusion last report . 1.1Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 When the NFS protocol was designed, machines were far less powerful than today, networks were more commonly local area networks (LANs) than wide area networks (WANs), and available security mechanisms were relatively easy to exploit. Additionally, although NFS was designed to interoperate between different operating systems, many of the protocol features have favored UNIX file semantics. This history has led to problems in using NFS solutions over the Internet, where security, performance, and interoperability are key. Version 4 of NFS is designed to address these concerns by providing:Improved access and good performance on the InternetStrong security, with security negotiation built into the protocolEnhanced cross-platform interoperabilityStronger in its support of intranets and the Internet, NFS Version 4 will also provide excellent service in environments currently standardized on earlier versions of NFS. Unlike versions 2 or 3, NFS Vers ion 4 can be an important element in the strategy of enterprises to provide better support for global networks. Although NFS Version 4 owes its general design to previous versions of NFS, it is a self-contained protocol that does not have any dependencies on the previous versions. However, to address backward compatibility with the installed base, Versions 2, 3, and 4 can be supported concurrently. Current users of NFS Versions 2 and 3 may look forward to NFS Version 4 as a reasonable, solid migration strategy to serve their Internet and intranet distributed file system needs. At the time of the publication of this white paper, the NFS Version 4 protocol is still under development by the IETF(1), so, the final standard may not incorporate all of the features exactly as they are described here. However, NFS Version 4 uses a universal character set, so it doesnt matter if the user accessing the file has a different locale than the user who created the file. This universal programming of the character makes it possible to determine what language the character is from and how to display it on the client. The server does not need to associate a locale with a pathname. IETF(1) the IETF is an open international community with evolution of the internet architecture .As such ,it is the principal body engaged in the development of anew internet standards and procedures. 2.1The relation between the NFS serverNFS consists of the NFS server and the NFS client software. The NFS server is implemented as a daemon, waiting for requests from clients. The NFS server does not retain the state of the NFS client. The NFS server daemon is multithreaded; it processes multiple NFS client calls, in parallel. The NFS server daemon is also an event-driven, asynchronous process. Each NFS client call contains all the information necessary to complete the request see Figure ( 1 ) . The NFS client software implements a state mechanism that maintains all information required for processing client requests. Each client operation can be requested more than once and contains all the information necessary to complete the request. This model presumes no file open and close requests because these require saving the state of the object and that the server write data to the disk before returning the reply message to the user. When mounting a remote file system, an NFS client send s a message that makes the remote file system part of the local file directory. The remote host redirects operations that access files on the remote file system to the NFS client software. The NFS client and NFS server then exchange messages. All 4 one - SONG ANALYSIS Essay10 Network ManagementIn an NFS-based approach, network management becomes more complex as each new PC is added. Additionally, most NFS-based connectivity solutions bundle additional applications (such as Email clients, ftp client, etc.) which add administrative complexity each time the product is upgraded.The CIFS server requires about 6MB of disk space on the server and takes about 10-20 minutes to install and configure. For file and print services, no software is required on any of the PCs. The CIFS-based approach is considerably more network management friendly in terms of the resources needed for installation and ongoing maintenance. CIFS also requires no change to the network drivers on either end (server or client) of the network. NFS fully satisfies enterprise requirements for global file sharing. It supports global workgroups by keeping file systems located worldwide continuously and transparently accessible to users. An industry leader in per formance, NFS provides fast access to file information as well as the scalability to support small to large network environments. Because it relies on a flexible and extensible security architecture, it enables administrators to choose the security solution that fits their environment today and to have more options in the future. The ability to administer NFS centrally reduces the time and effort it takes to perform a variety of routine administration tasks. Finally, for mission critical environments, a highly available NFS implementation is provided. These features together with the vast array of multi-vendor NFS products to choose from and a rapidly growing licensee and installed base, reaffirm that NFS is the right choice for integrating the heterogeneous enterprise both now and in the future. Solstice Network Clients NFS software was designed for complete integration with all Microsoft Windows platforms Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Your users retain their familiar Microsoft Windows interface and continue to work with point and click ease. The increased eight-way SMP support in Windows 2000 Advanced Server complements the reliability and scalability features of the new eight-way HP NetServer LXr 8500 system, said Eileen OBrien, marketing manager, Hewlett-Packard Network Server Division. The powerful combination of Windows 2000 and the HP NetServer systems will enable our enterprise customers to optimize performance by providing best-in-class power, investment protection and intelligent management. By increasing the SMP support in each of the Windows 2000 Server products, Microsoft is supporting the shift to higher end servers that are powerful, versatile and fast enough to handle the demands of large enterprises, said Sandy Carter, director, PartnerWorld for Developers, Netfinity Brand at IBM. The eight-way SMP support in Windows 2000 Advanced Server and the Netfinity 8500R will provide customers with a solution that maximizes uptime and provides superior manageability for compute-intensive business intelligence, trans action processing and server consolidation projects while providing a great value in eight-way servers.Bibliography:Bibliography Nance,B. (1997) Introduction to Networking, Forth Edition, by Que Corporation. Pages 231,235 Heath,S. (1993) Effective PC Networking, First Edition , by An imprint of Butterworth Heinmann Ltd. Page 102. -Santifaller,M. (1994) TCP / IP and ONC / NFS , Second Edition ,by Addison-Wesley. Pages from 134 to 137. Douba,S. (1998) Networking Unix the complete reference for Unix networks, Forth Edition, by Sams Publishing . Pages 302,314,320. Websites References http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/3014.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/proceedings /99jul/l-d/draft-ietf-nfsv4-requirements-03.text. http://www.facetcorp.com/competition_nfs_cifs comparison.htmlhttp://www.sun.com/smi/press/sunfash/2000-02/sunflash.20000202.2.htmlhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/worshop/networking/CIFS/default.asphttp://www.sun.com/software/white-papers/wp-nfs/nfs_9.htmlhttp://nscp.upenn.edu/aix4.3html/aixbman/commadmn/nfs_introhtml http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html http://windowsitlibrary.com/Content/172/01/26.htmlPortfolio of report :Reference No : 1Reference name : Nance,B. (1997) Introduction to Networking, Forth Edition, by Que Corporation. Titles: general information about NFS page 231 ,NFS and protocols (TCP/IP) page 235. Reference No : 2Reference name : Heath,S. (1993) Effective PC Networking, First Edition , by An imprint of Butterworth Heinmann Ltd. Titles: general information about NFS and how the NFS accesses in Networks . page 102 . Reference No : 3Reference name : Santifaller,M. (1994) TCP / IP and ONC / NFS ,Second Edition ,by Addison-Wesley. Titles: The first types of protocols and how are developedand some alternative to NFS Pages from 134 to137. Reference No : 4Reference name: Douba,S. (1998) Networking Unix the complete reference for Unix networks, Forth Edition, by Sams Publishing . Titles:Network File system: Concept and Setup and the relation between NFS server and C file system and also Architecture ofNFS and is NFS for Unix only! . Pages 302,314,320. Reference No : 5Website Address: http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/3014.htmlTitles:General information about NFS and CIFS(SMP) and give us some the common points between them, and NFS vs CIFS, Multiprotocol file service . Reference No : 6Website Address: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings /99jul/l-d/draft-ietf- nfsv4-requirements-03.text. Titles:The deferent between NFS v4 NFS v3,v2 ,and what is the new in NFS v4 . Reference No : 7Website Address: http://www.facetcorp.com/competition_nfs_cifs comparison.htmlTitles: Comparison NFS and CIFS (SMP ) . Reference No : 8Website Address: http://www.sun.com/smi/press/sunfash/2000- 02/sunflash.20000202.2.htmlTitles : Sun Microsystems gives key Component of NFS to the open source community, and provide NFS version 4 solutions . Reference No : 9Website Address: http://www.sun.com/software/white-papers/wp-nfs/nfs_9.htmlTitles : History of NFS from the past until now. Reference No : 10Website Address:http://msdn.microsoft.com/worshop/networking/CIFS /default.aspTitles : CIFS An internet File System Protocol ,Microsoft is making sure that CIFS tech is open ,published, and widely available for all computer users Reference No : 11Website Address : http://nscp.upenn.edu/aix4.3html/aixbman/commadmnhtmlTitles : NFS overview ,AIX supports the latest NFS protocol update . Reference No : 12Website Address : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html Titles : The SMP protocol is used by Microsoft , What is the SAMA?. there are four basic things that one can do with samba . Reference No : 13Website Address : http://windowsitlibrary.com/Content/172/01/26.htmlTitles : NFS in action , NFS comes to Windows NT , inter the PC.