ATT Overview Essay - 999 Words

Have you ever wondered how your phone company started out? Or the new innovations it has brought about? And maybe even how the business is run? Well, today I’m going to talk about ATT’s history, the products it sells, the employee jobs and U-verse. ATT’s roots stretches all the way back to 1875, when Alexander Graham Bell created the first telephone. The main reason ATT was created was to exploit the creation of the telephone. ATT became a parent company to the Bell system, which was a phone company monopoly. They created a long distance telephone network that went from New York to Chicago and then on to San†¦show more content†¦Over the next four years, ATT took action to succeed in changing the environment. It invested 35 billion dollars upgrades to its infrastructure. By mid –2000 ATT had evolving networks- data, broadband and wireless. IN January 2005, ATT bought SBC for 16 billion dollars and this created the industry’s premier communications and networking company. And just recently ATT has merged with Cingular to created even more ties to what you like. Some of the products they have in their cellphone section is the new iPhone, it has a touch screen and internet capabilities. ATT also has the first live video feed phone, where you can talk to each other live, but only a few phones have this feature, they are sure that other companies will follow their lead. Also, most newer phones have the walkman radio, e-mail, IM, Internet access and also have MP3 capabilities. This product was sure to please the younger consumers. In addition, ATT wireless is the only company to offer rollover minutes and the unity plan. The Unity plan is were you can call any land-line that is an ATT subscriber and any ATT cellphone without having to use your â€Å"any-timeà ¢â‚¬  minutes. Discounts are offered to their employees and the public that work for various coorporations There are many careerShow MoreRelatedMacroecnomics1187 Words   |  5 Pages1. 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For a Better Way of Living Free Essays

The economic article A Better Way’s main thesis is that productivity has paved the way for a better living in today’s world. The article starts off with a general but historical background of how production was in the earlier years and lays down the path of productivity which led to its positive effects in the present. It further points out how a closed-mind towards productivity is actually detrimental for future advancement. We will write a custom essay sample on For a Better Way of Living or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will both discuss the key points of the article and my reaction to the same. The general map and cycle of productivity is this: human beings used to do everything by themselves. The entire body of a person is used from the physical to the mental. There was need for muscle power and agility to be able to work. Then came the inventions that rapidly took over the work that humans used to do. It is at this point that human workers are displaced and had to look for other jobs to do. This general map and cycle is best exemplified in the agrarian sector wherein farmers used to everything in the farm from tilling the soil to planting the crops to harvesting. And yet with the invention of machineries, tools, irrigation, and even the appearance of scientifically altered and advanced seeds, farmers had no place in the farm. And so they had to leave the farms for the city to work in factories and the industrial sector. At this point, another cycle begins. Assembly lines in factories are replaced by machines that can do the job better, faster and more efficiently. There was more output for a shorter span of time when machines are used. Once again, the worker is displaced. Productivity is one cycle that is very much disliked by the average worker. It is the kind of change that is not readily acceptable as its short term effects are negative for the ordinary man. It seems that with the proliferation and rapid emergence of different kinds of technologies, it seems that there is no more need for a human being in the workforce. Industries are no longer satisfied with the physical skills of a person. There is a clamor for the mental capacity of a worker. Anything related to muscle power is no longer enough since there are many machines and even robots that can do the job. Of course, the initial capital output or investment on such advancements are really expensive, compared to just hiring someone to do the job. And yet in the long run, the investment pays off. The article defends productivity in the sense that productivity actually creates more jobs for the workforce. It says that although the initial effect is that workers are displaced, these workers can actually shift to other industries where their talents are needed and will be more helpful. It further provides that there is a hierarchy of talents that productivity can never replace such as imagination and creativity. Although it is a valid point that machines can never be creative or imaginative, it cannot be discounted that creativity and imagination is only available to a limited number of jobs such as the music, literary, and film industry. This then comes to my mind: productivity involves the manual aspect of the workforce. When technology takes over the manual skills of industries, the only thing needed is mental skills. And these mental skills often require a certain amount of schooling and education. Going back to farmers who may not have been able to go to school, or the city children who could not afford to go to college, where will they be found when all the blue-collar jobs are taken over by robots? What will happen when labor becomes immobile? Surely, the idea of more for less will be applauded by business owners and traders and economists. But where will this leave the average Joe? I am not against the arguments of the article. In fact I do admit that productivity definitely has its advantages. For example, although the email has made communications easier, there are still those things that cannot be sent over the internet such as bulky packages. For this, manual labor is still needed. And yet it is easier and faster to receive packages nowadays since there are trucks and airplanes that could bring them to you, instead of a messenger on foot. Life is indeed much better, even if this imaginary messenger of mine had lost his job. I also admit that it is people who are responsible for all these advancements. It is the brightness of the human mind and human nature’s need for progress that brought about all these. And yet I ask, when will the world say, I am satisfied? Living standards may be better now but isn’t anyone afraid that there will come a time that machines will rule our world and people will just be subordinate to them? It may seem like a ridiculous idea but in our day and age where robots are invented as housemaids, it doesn’t sound so crazy after all. The unmeasured payoffs of productivity seem so enticing at first look. But there will come a time when displaced workers have no more industries to go to; when even college graduates cannot find a job because technology does it for them. The question will be: now what? Imagination and creativity can only go so far. When the productivity cycle suddenly stops, when labor can no longer exercise its mobility, when inventions start inventing, it will probably only be mothers who will have a full-time job. After all, technology can never replace the touch and love of a mother. How to cite For a Better Way of Living, Papers

Alternatives of Network File System Essay Example For Students

Alternatives of Network File System Essay Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 5The relation between the NFS server andClient file systems 6Architecture of NFS8Alternative for NFS9What is CIFS (SMP)..9comparison between NFS and CIFS(SMP)11Conclusion.15Bibliography..17 Since human beings have used Computers , the request of being rich ,and getting more information quicker than before has increased . Have you ever found yourself rushing from one computer to another in your office or home ,attending to several different jobs at various location? Or do you often find yourself moving files that need printing from a PC that you happen to be working on the PC that is Connected to the printer ?You may have heard a lot about the advantages of using the internet for sending e-mail, and decided that you want to get connected . Or perhaps you are already connected to the internet through a single PC/Modem , but want all of your office colleagues to have access . All of these situations can be made easier by allowing the various machines to communicate with each other by networking the PCs but sometime you dont know that your PC has (NFS) operating system for sharing file systems and directories across TCP/IP based Networks. Network File System (NFS) is a popular network operating system and its a distributed file system that allows users to access files and directories located on remote Computers and treat those files and directories as if they were local. For example, users can use operating system commands to create, remove, read write and set files attributes for remotes files and directories. NFS was first introduced by Sun Microsystems in the early 1980s and was quickly adopted as de facto standard for sharing files and printers between UNIX system. This standard was extended to include PCs and became the basis for must transparent file and print connectivity software solutions . Examples of using NFSCreating a /usr/local environment in a multi architecture environment. Some directories such as man and doc are architecture neutral, others such as bin and lib are architecture specific. Creating a rational user file system, when users have files located on their specific machines NFS can be used to make it look coherent on the server. Creating a central mail spool for all users. This allows users to sign on any machine and access there mail. In this report , I highlighted some inquires that related with NFS such as :Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 The NFS standard, which Sun created and turned over to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), enables diverse oper ating environments to access and share remote files across the network. NFSv4 improves on four areas of the standard: security, performance, interoperability and Internet access. To provide strong security for NFS v4, implementations of the protocol must provide for the use of Kerberos V5 and Public Key Infrastructures through the use of the Low Infrastructure Public Key, LIPKEY; dynamic client response to changes on NFS servers; namespaces that are compatible across all platforms; client file caching that provides for good performance via the Internet while maintaining performance in the traditional LAN environment; and compound operations to minimize the number of connections necessary per transfer. The relationship between NFS server and Client file system. NFS consists of the NFS server and the NFS client software. The NFS server is implemented as a daemon, waiting for requests from clients. The NFS server does not retain the state of the NFS client. NFS is designed to give users high performance, transparent access to server file systems on global networks. Some of the most important design principles are summarized below:Transparent Access, Statelessness, Portability, Fast Recovery From Failure, Network Protocol Independence, Performance, Security. Are there any Alternative for NFS?-AFS Andrew File System developed at CMU -DFS Distributed File System from OSF. -RFS Remote File System found on older V.3 versions -Netware Novell based file system. -CIFS Common Internet File SystemCIFS defines a standard remote file system access protocol for use over the Internet, enabling groups of users to work together and share documents across the Internet or within their corporate intranets. CIFS is an open, cross-platform technology based on the native file-sharing protocols built into Microsoft Windows and other popular PC operating systems, and supported on dozens of other platforms, including UNIX. With CIFS, millions of computer users can open and share remote files on the Internet without having to install new software or change the way they work. Technology comparison between NFS and CIFS(SMP). In every textbook description of NFS, its statelessness is emphasized. NFS operations are idempotent (can be repeatedly applied harmlessly), or if non-idempotent (e.x., file deletion) are managed safely by the server. Clients are oblivious to server reboots (if service is restored promptly), with few exceptions. The NFS protocol emphasizes error recovery over file locking error recovery is simple if no state need be preserved. A CIFS file server is not stateless. The CIFS protocol emphasizes locking over error recovery because PC application software relies on strict locking. Strict locking requires a sustained connection. It is imperative that an active session not be interrupted. Applications executing on PC clients react to a CIFS server in exactly the same manner as they do to local disk drives: a down server is no different a condition than an unresponsive disk drive. Therefore, PC clients must be warned and allowed time to gracefully disengage (i.e., save files, exit applicat ions, and so on) before server shutdowns or reboots. I have explaned similarly points between NFS and CIFS ,which to be provided in the conclusion last report . 1.1Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 When the NFS protocol was designed, machines were far less powerful than today, networks were more commonly local area networks (LANs) than wide area networks (WANs), and available security mechanisms were relatively easy to exploit. Additionally, although NFS was designed to interoperate between different operating systems, many of the protocol features have favored UNIX file semantics. This history has led to problems in using NFS solutions over the Internet, where security, performance, and interoperability are key. Version 4 of NFS is designed to address these concerns by providing:Improved access and good performance on the InternetStrong security, with security negotiation built into the protocolEnhanced cross-platform interoperabilityStronger in its support of intranets and the Internet, NFS Version 4 will also provide excellent service in environments currently standardized on earlier versions of NFS. Unlike versions 2 or 3, NFS Vers ion 4 can be an important element in the strategy of enterprises to provide better support for global networks. Although NFS Version 4 owes its general design to previous versions of NFS, it is a self-contained protocol that does not have any dependencies on the previous versions. However, to address backward compatibility with the installed base, Versions 2, 3, and 4 can be supported concurrently. Current users of NFS Versions 2 and 3 may look forward to NFS Version 4 as a reasonable, solid migration strategy to serve their Internet and intranet distributed file system needs. At the time of the publication of this white paper, the NFS Version 4 protocol is still under development by the IETF(1), so, the final standard may not incorporate all of the features exactly as they are described here. However, NFS Version 4 uses a universal character set, so it doesnt matter if the user accessing the file has a different locale than the user who created the file. This universal programming of the character makes it possible to determine what language the character is from and how to display it on the client. The server does not need to associate a locale with a pathname. IETF(1) the IETF is an open international community with evolution of the internet architecture .As such ,it is the principal body engaged in the development of anew internet standards and procedures. 2.1The relation between the NFS serverNFS consists of the NFS server and the NFS client software. The NFS server is implemented as a daemon, waiting for requests from clients. The NFS server does not retain the state of the NFS client. The NFS server daemon is multithreaded; it processes multiple NFS client calls, in parallel. The NFS server daemon is also an event-driven, asynchronous process. Each NFS client call contains all the information necessary to complete the request see Figure ( 1 ) . The NFS client software implements a state mechanism that maintains all information required for processing client requests. Each client operation can be requested more than once and contains all the information necessary to complete the request. This model presumes no file open and close requests because these require saving the state of the object and that the server write data to the disk before returning the reply message to the user. When mounting a remote file system, an NFS client send s a message that makes the remote file system part of the local file directory. The remote host redirects operations that access files on the remote file system to the NFS client software. The NFS client and NFS server then exchange messages. All 4 one - SONG ANALYSIS Essay10 Network ManagementIn an NFS-based approach, network management becomes more complex as each new PC is added. Additionally, most NFS-based connectivity solutions bundle additional applications (such as Email clients, ftp client, etc.) which add administrative complexity each time the product is upgraded.The CIFS server requires about 6MB of disk space on the server and takes about 10-20 minutes to install and configure. For file and print services, no software is required on any of the PCs. The CIFS-based approach is considerably more network management friendly in terms of the resources needed for installation and ongoing maintenance. CIFS also requires no change to the network drivers on either end (server or client) of the network. NFS fully satisfies enterprise requirements for global file sharing. It supports global workgroups by keeping file systems located worldwide continuously and transparently accessible to users. An industry leader in per formance, NFS provides fast access to file information as well as the scalability to support small to large network environments. Because it relies on a flexible and extensible security architecture, it enables administrators to choose the security solution that fits their environment today and to have more options in the future. The ability to administer NFS centrally reduces the time and effort it takes to perform a variety of routine administration tasks. Finally, for mission critical environments, a highly available NFS implementation is provided. These features together with the vast array of multi-vendor NFS products to choose from and a rapidly growing licensee and installed base, reaffirm that NFS is the right choice for integrating the heterogeneous enterprise both now and in the future. Solstice Network Clients NFS software was designed for complete integration with all Microsoft Windows platforms Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups 3.11. Your users retain their familiar Microsoft Windows interface and continue to work with point and click ease. The increased eight-way SMP support in Windows 2000 Advanced Server complements the reliability and scalability features of the new eight-way HP NetServer LXr 8500 system, said Eileen OBrien, marketing manager, Hewlett-Packard Network Server Division. The powerful combination of Windows 2000 and the HP NetServer systems will enable our enterprise customers to optimize performance by providing best-in-class power, investment protection and intelligent management. By increasing the SMP support in each of the Windows 2000 Server products, Microsoft is supporting the shift to higher end servers that are powerful, versatile and fast enough to handle the demands of large enterprises, said Sandy Carter, director, PartnerWorld for Developers, Netfinity Brand at IBM. The eight-way SMP support in Windows 2000 Advanced Server and the Netfinity 8500R will provide customers with a solution that maximizes uptime and provides superior manageability for compute-intensive business intelligence, trans action processing and server consolidation projects while providing a great value in eight-way servers.Bibliography:Bibliography Nance,B. (1997) Introduction to Networking, Forth Edition, by Que Corporation. Pages 231,235 Heath,S. (1993) Effective PC Networking, First Edition , by An imprint of Butterworth Heinmann Ltd. Page 102. -Santifaller,M. (1994) TCP / IP and ONC / NFS , Second Edition ,by Addison-Wesley. Pages from 134 to 137. Douba,S. (1998) Networking Unix the complete reference for Unix networks, Forth Edition, by Sams Publishing . Pages 302,314,320. Websites References http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/3014.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/proceedings /99jul/l-d/draft-ietf-nfsv4-requirements-03.text. http://www.facetcorp.com/competition_nfs_cifs comparison.htmlhttp://www.sun.com/smi/press/sunfash/2000-02/sunflash.20000202.2.htmlhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/worshop/networking/CIFS/default.asphttp://www.sun.com/software/white-papers/wp-nfs/nfs_9.htmlhttp://nscp.upenn.edu/aix4.3html/aixbman/commadmn/nfs_introhtml http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html http://windowsitlibrary.com/Content/172/01/26.htmlPortfolio of report :Reference No : 1Reference name : Nance,B. (1997) Introduction to Networking, Forth Edition, by Que Corporation. Titles: general information about NFS page 231 ,NFS and protocols (TCP/IP) page 235. Reference No : 2Reference name : Heath,S. (1993) Effective PC Networking, First Edition , by An imprint of Butterworth Heinmann Ltd. Titles: general information about NFS and how the NFS accesses in Networks . page 102 . Reference No : 3Reference name : Santifaller,M. (1994) TCP / IP and ONC / NFS ,Second Edition ,by Addison-Wesley. Titles: The first types of protocols and how are developedand some alternative to NFS Pages from 134 to137. Reference No : 4Reference name: Douba,S. (1998) Networking Unix the complete reference for Unix networks, Forth Edition, by Sams Publishing . Titles:Network File system: Concept and Setup and the relation between NFS server and C file system and also Architecture ofNFS and is NFS for Unix only! . Pages 302,314,320. Reference No : 5Website Address: http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/3014.htmlTitles:General information about NFS and CIFS(SMP) and give us some the common points between them, and NFS vs CIFS, Multiprotocol file service . Reference No : 6Website Address: http://www.ietf.org/proceedings /99jul/l-d/draft-ietf- nfsv4-requirements-03.text. Titles:The deferent between NFS v4 NFS v3,v2 ,and what is the new in NFS v4 . Reference No : 7Website Address: http://www.facetcorp.com/competition_nfs_cifs comparison.htmlTitles: Comparison NFS and CIFS (SMP ) . Reference No : 8Website Address: http://www.sun.com/smi/press/sunfash/2000- 02/sunflash.20000202.2.htmlTitles : Sun Microsystems gives key Component of NFS to the open source community, and provide NFS version 4 solutions . Reference No : 9Website Address: http://www.sun.com/software/white-papers/wp-nfs/nfs_9.htmlTitles : History of NFS from the past until now. Reference No : 10Website Address:http://msdn.microsoft.com/worshop/networking/CIFS /default.aspTitles : CIFS An internet File System Protocol ,Microsoft is making sure that CIFS tech is open ,published, and widely available for all computer users Reference No : 11Website Address : http://nscp.upenn.edu/aix4.3html/aixbman/commadmnhtmlTitles : NFS overview ,AIX supports the latest NFS protocol update . Reference No : 12Website Address : http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html Titles : The SMP protocol is used by Microsoft , What is the SAMA?. there are four basic things that one can do with samba . Reference No : 13Website Address : http://windowsitlibrary.com/Content/172/01/26.htmlTitles : NFS in action , NFS comes to Windows NT , inter the PC.

The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Turkish Economy

Introduction Globalization has had a lot of impact on the world in various aspects, which include exchange of cultures, development of language, faster spread of information and international financial and economic growth. This paper will analyze the economic and business effect of globalization on Turkey as well its position in the global economy.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Turkish Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The economy of the Republic of Turkey is primarily driven by the services and industrial sectors but still the agricultural sector plays an important role, and it accounts for 30 percent of the state’s employment. Privatization undertaken by the government has led to the minimization of government’s participation in basic sectors like industry, financial and transport and communication. There are several emerging industries l ike automotive, construction and electronics, which contribute significantly to the economy. The government has been implementing different monetary and fiscal policies after the financial crisis of 2001. From the turn of the 21st century, Turkey has consistently enjoyed a period of uninterrupted economic growth; varied reforms have been under implementation as part of the requirements of joining European Union. Turkey’s economy has benefited from its geostrategic location of being at a point between Middle East and Europe; this makes Turley a strategic location for transit of petroleum and gas. Turkey demonstrated that it can weather any economic storm when it overcame its domestic fiscal meltdown in 2001. Following the economic turmoil in 2001, Turkey implemented several stability and structural reforms, which eliminated various macroeconomic policies that were deemed unsuitable for economic stability. The economic growth rate of Turkey has been steady from 2001 to 2006, an d it was comparably higher than that of most countries in the EU. Turkey is favorable to foreign investment, and it is considered as a country of opportunity. It is worth mentioning that Turkey’s economy can be a heavy casualty in the event of global financial crisis; the economy of the country can be affected by three main factors namely: collapse in the external demand of its commodities, distress in international capital markets and uncertainties in the global economy (Alp and Elekdag 3).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Preliminary Hypothesis The preliminary hypothesis is that globalization has had its share on the unstable condition of the Turkish economy thus leading to a possibility of future crisis on the same. This hypothesis will lead to conduction of a study case on the Turkish economy in a bid to justify it. Sources of Information In order to gathe r as much information as possible on the topic, the sources of information need to be diversified. In addition to the study books, other books such as The Global Crisis and the Turkish Economy by Ercan Uygur will be used. Journals and other periodicals on topics related to the topic of study will also be used for reference. Lastly, electronic sources, including web pages and electronic magazines will be used to acquire information on the topic. Overview of Essay on Turkey’s Economy For a long time, the economy of Turkey experienced a high and stable growth until in 2008 and 2009 when it suffered a severe blow as a result of the global financial crisis (The Economist 1). This affected the key indicators of the Turkish economy, including inflation rates and employment opportunities just to mention a few (Uygur 12). This paper will therefore look at how the effects that came about and globalization will affect the economy of Turkey. An analysis of the expected changes in the Tur kish economy within the next five years will also be made. In order to make an assessment of how the Turkish economy has responded to the global crisis and effects, this paper will explore the changes that have taken place in the monetary and fiscal policies (Alp and Elekdag 17). This will then be used as a measuring tool to forecast the position of the Turkish economy within the next five years. In conclusion, the measures and strategies to be put in place in order to stabilize the Turkish economy will be recommended (Hill 19).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Turkish Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Current Economic Situation in Turkey The economy of Turkey has been on the decline for the last three years from 4.3 percent in 2007 to 3.0 percent in 2009. Employment has also increased to a high of 9.4 percent. This slow growth rate was necessitated by the decrease in domestic credit and skyrocketing interest rates of domestic saving aimed at curbing inflation. The external financing of Turkey’s massive deficit has been hampered due to the reduction of capital inflows and global financial crisis. Turkey’s macro environment is increasingly becoming complicated for the banks due to weakening growth of the economy and the volatilities in the financial market. The main risk that needs to be addressed in the banking sector is asset quality, which is deteriorating at an alarming rate. The banking sector has witnessed default in loan payment and credit cards. The underestimation of asset quality have also made the loan books of many Turkish banks to remain untested via a full economic cycle hence making them vulnerable and victims of abrupt increases in interest rates. Turkey has been undergoing various economic problems and restructuring. There was the foreign debt crisis that was experienced in 1979, which prompted liberaliz ation of the economy in 1980. In 2008, Turkey was hit hard by the global financial crisis which prompted the government to reduce interest rates and implement various economic stimulus programs, which were aimed at lifting the budget deficits. Capital Inflows Insufficient capital inflows and reduced domestic savings are and will be the key determinants of the prosperity of the Turkey’s economy. The current economic structure highly depends on capital inflows for growth, and this brings up the question of whether or not the capital inflows will continue into the future. This is one of the dilemmas regarding the Turkey’s economy that needs to be addressed (Uygur 5). The major adjustment that is needed to bring to an end the effect of global crisis in Turkey is to eliminate the global imbalance, but still it can be impossible since it is this global imbalance that has been the engine of capital inflows that drive the economy. Turkey has heavily benefited from the capital inflows. Making this adjustment will come at a substantial cost, especially if capital inflows are to be slowed. It would imply that countries like Turkey would have to receive limited or less capital than what it received in the period 2002-2007.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Failure by these adjustments to materialize will lead to the continuation of the global imbalance and hence putting into serious risk currencies like the dollar and sterling pound, and this will in turn precipitate chaos in the global payment system which will have an adverse effect on international trade and capital inflows. This may lower the economic growth rate for the global economy in short and medium term (Uygur 51). Turkey’s Economic Forecasts According to the Medium-Term Program (MTP) forecasts which were published recently and according to the IMF’s World Economic Outlook for the period 2009-2012 forecast which are illustrated by table 1 below, MTP based its assumption on the fact that global economic growth rate and rate of capital inflows are instrumental in predicting the future of Turkey’s economy. The forecast by the two institutions, the IMF and MTP are unanimous on the fact that Turkey’s economy is likely to decline in the period 2009-201 2 when it is juxtaposed with 2002-2007. Table 1 (Uygur 52) From the above forecast, it is evident that the economic growth rate of Turkey will fall below the average growth rate of developing countries as well as below that of the global economy unlike in the period 2002-2007 where the economic growth rate of Turkey was nearly equal to that of developing countries but above that of the global economy. Other optimistic projections in respect to the global economy are increased in investment rate while unemployment will remain at an average of 14 percent (Uygur 53). From the above projections, Turkey will not make an adjustment in the above parameters, but it will likely pursue an unsustainable growth strategy only on the medium term. The strategy will succeed but only for a particular period of time, unless there is no global investment. The inflation ratio in Turkey will depend on the global inflation (Uygur 54). Globalization and Turkey’s Economy It has been proven from the past crises that Turkey’s economy is vulnerable to the whims of international economy and in the event of collapse in the global economy, the Turkish economy becomes affected. This is because a collapse of the global economy will lead to a situation of the contraction in the demand of Turkish exports, which is the major contributor to the country’s economy as well as the collapse of the country’s assets. Turkey’s integration into the world economy and emergence of foreign direct investment as a core component of the Gross Domestic Product is gaining momentum but Turkey has not maximized gains from these two factors, it has not utilized foreign direct investment over the inflows of capital. These are among the changes that need to be effected in order to steer Turkey’s economy forward. Just like other emerging markets, Turkey faces problems like defining its exchange rate regime, the problem of eliminating inflationary milieu and minimizing of poli tical uncertainties. These are the obstacles that Turkey needs to address in order to attract direct foreign investment as well as to integrate itself into the global economy (Aguilar and Gita 74). Globalization enabled Turkey to borrow a lot of money to make it finance trade deficits as well as to fill the financial gap between savings and investment. However, growth strategies that are financed by debts are not sustainable. The liberalization of the financial markets in Turkey has experienced the effects of financial globalization. The country has been frustrated by its policy of liberalization and deregulation of financial markets, which have led to deficits in the public sector and high debt volume. After the weakening of the economy in 2009, Turkey has speedily recovered from it and in 2010, it recorded high economic growth rate as compared with the G20 countries where it belongs. No financial institution failed, and inflation rate was well managed. The main concerns, if the pa ce of economic growth rate is to be maintained are inflation and deficit in the current account. There are also the expectations that there will be a lot of pressure on the government to tighten the fiscal policies and the central bank will as well be under pressure to increase the interest rates. To curtail the ever increasing capital inflows, the central bank must be in a position to lower the interest rate and simultaneously increase the reserve threshold for both foreign and local banks. This policy did not materialize, and the banking sector has been forced to reverse its decision and increase the interest rates. Capital inflows have become a menace in the Turkish economy, and this threatens the monetary strength; the continued increase in capital inflows has made the monetary conditions of the country to be weak and loose. Raising the reserve requirement has demonstrated no tendency of slowing down consumer lending. It is predicted that if the developed economies, particularly the United States of America increase their interest rates, Turkish external finance will diminish. The current account market also needs to be addressed. Though the country has solid public finances, there are notoriety and abnormality in its current account crisis, which is a sign of economic flaws. Among the austerity measures that needs to be implemented for future economic prosperity include making amendments to the high minimum wages and trimming unregistered sectors of the economy as well as increasing market economy, which can reduce operational and consumer costs (The Economist 1). With the political and economic fragility and uncertainty witnessed in the Arab region following the current series of uprisings, it is imperative that Turkey revives and repairs its trade relations with the European Union, which is the primary market for its exports. Turkey suffered some losses following revolutions in the Arab spring, for example, it had several of its construction contracts c anceled in Libya, and its deals with Syria have been stopped or left unconcluded (The Economist 1). Structural Reforms to be implemented to Strengthen Future Economy Turkey has realized a microeconomic stability due to the implementation of the reform program. For the future of Turkish economy and to foster its potential economic growth, the government needs to implement various structural reforms to make the economy flexible and allow individual firms to react immediately to the incentives. Among the important changes that need to be made are: Inflation Inflation has been a chronic problem in Turkey’s economy just like in any other global economy. Inflation had minimized the country’s economic growth rate. A fall in the rates of inflation leads to uncertainties in all sectors of the economy as well as undermining the macroeconomic stability of a country. The government, therefore, needs to develop effective counter-inflation policies. Low rates of inflation led to an accelerated global economy in the 1990s, and lower inflation rates resulted in the financial turmoil witnessed in Turkey in 2001-2002. Lower inflation leads to flexibility in the exchange rates and realistic interest rate. In the recent time, Turkey has witnessed a decrease in inflation that is associated largely to fiscal consolidation achieved in the country. The government needs to keep inflation in check to enhance the credibility of its monetary policy. Consequently, government’s commitment to curb any rise in inflation will enhance the credibility of its policy-making and fiscal policies, in particular (IMF 1). Minimizing inflation will help in moderating the consumer prices and especially in the provision of services. Fiscal Policies Failure by the government to stem from fiscal imbalance has led to the inflation problem. It is therefore, necessary for the government to effectively manage its fiscal situation in order to end any future economic crisis, minimize inflati on and restore macroeconomic stability. The government, furthermore, needs to meet and maintain its surplus target to reduce debt burden of the country. The current country’s high public debt is considered to be a result of short-term interest rates and foreign currencies. The reduction of the country’s debt ratio will enhance its debt profile hence reducing vulnerability to ever dynamic global interest and exchange rate volatility (IMF 1). It is imperative for the government to have a strong fiscal policy that will enable it to strengthen its economic growth while minimizing the distorting aspects of a country’s tax system. Structural Reforms It is evident that the economic growth rate of the country is growing at a steady and sustainable rate. The government’s duty is to further increase the economic growth rate without triggering any inflationary pressure. This will enhance individual incomes, which will result in the reduction of poverty. The governme nt needs to implement various structural reforms that can make the economy stable, flexible and market force oriented. Though the government has been traditionally implementing these structural reforms, for example, free market and reforms in the banking sector, in financial sectors and in regulation of business, still the tightening of these reforms and introducing others will make the economy effective. Among the reforms that need to be implemented are in the business and investment environment to make the country favorable to foreign investment, privatization of government assets to enhance competition and reduce the burden state sector and other banking reforms (IMF 1). The labor market needs to be reformed. This will assist in reducing obstacles to formal employment, and this will enable firms to move from informal to the formal sectors of the economy. Positive forecasts have continued to raise the profile of Turkey. There is a projection by analysts of a growth of five percent for the coming three years, which has enabled Turkey to attract a lot of investors. The country was rated as BB+ in 2010 by the Moody’s, an international rating agency due to the faster recovery of its economy, increased market confidence and enhanced market finance. There is growing investor nervousness caused by the poor performance of the Istanbul stock exchange. This has prompted the majority of the investors to move their investments to countries like Germany and Poland where the economic growth is healthy. There is a need, therefore, to revamp the country’s stock exchange to attract investors. To deter short-term investments flaws in investment, the central bank has extremely reduced its lending rates and consumption by rising reserve demands and reducing interest rates. This policy has proven controversial and more so it has never addressed its intended purpose (Champion and Parkinson 1). The resilience of Turkey’s financial markets was overshadowed by d ecreased global demand and reduced international capital flows, which adversely affected the economy of the country. The OECD has predicted Turkish economy to be one of the fastest growing with a projected estimate of 6.7 percent between 2010 and 2017. This is illustrated by the graph below. (Invest in Turkey 1) Conclusion A country can only benefit from the globalization of economy if its macroeconomic policies are strong and there exists liberalized market and sound monetary system, in particular. Globalization has made the management of economies easier as well as difficult and hence countries should exercise caution when designing and implementing economic policies. Turkey has enjoyed a period of considerable success in creating a liberalized economy, consequently, making its economy open for international competition. To realize stable economic growth and sustainability, Turkey has devised export oriented economic strategy based on the real and reasonable exchange rate (Alp an d Elekdag 4). Just like in other countries, structural reforms in Turkey will speed up the country’s economic growth. Turkey is among the few countries that suffered heavily from the global financial crisis but managed to come out of it without much damage at a time when other countries were seriously affected. The long-term economic prospects of Turkey is slowly increasing but still there is a lot of demand for reforms in the labor market, raise in education spending, transparency in handling and spending public finances and credibility in monetary policy. These are necessary for the country to maintain a steady economy. The economic growth rate of Turkey is primarily driven by financial, retail and construction sectors and its banking sector is stable but it is only the consumption of the country that is low. Works Cited Aguilar, Mark and Gita, Gopinath. â€Å"Emerging Market Business Cycles: The Cycle is the. Trend,II† Journal of Political Economy 115.1 (2007): 69â €“102. Print. Alp, Harun and Elekdag, Selim. â€Å"The Role of Monetary Policy in Turkey during the Global Financial Crisis.† International Monetary Fund, 2011. Web. Champion, Marc and Parkinson, Joe. â€Å"Turkey’s Economy Surged 11% in Quarter.† The Wall Street Journal, 2011. Web. Hill, Charles. (2007). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Print. IMF. â€Å"Turkey’s Economy: A Future Full of Promise.† International Monetary Fund, 2005. Web. Invest in Turkey. â€Å"Economic Outlook.† Invest, 2011. Web. The Economist. â€Å"The Turkish Economy Overheating.† The Economist, 2011. Web. Uygur, Ercan. â€Å"The global crisis and the Turkish economy.† Third World Network, 2010. Web. This term paper on The Effects of Globalization on the Future of Turkish Economy was written and submitted by user Ahmad Mann to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Joy Luck Club Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, The Joy Luck Club

Joy Luck Club Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, The Joy Luck Club Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, it tells of four Chinese women drawn together in San Francisco to play mah jong, and tell stories of the past. These four women and their families all lived in Chinatown and belong to the First Chinese Baptist Church. They were not necessarily religious, but found they could improve their home China. This is how the woo's, the Hsu's, the Jong's and the St Clair's met in 1949. The first member of the Joy Luck Club to die was Suyuan Woo. Her daughter, Jing-mei June Woo, is asked to sit in and take her mother's place at playing mah jong. Memories of the past are shared by the three women left, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St Clair. June Woo learns of the real secret her mother carried to her grave from her mother's friends. The twin baby girls, her half sisters, Suyuan pushed in a Wheelbarrow as she escaped from the Japanese. Due to sickness, Suyuan can no longer carry her babies, and is forced to leave them on the side of the road. She lives her whole life not knowing if they are alive or dead. In the book, the Woo's left for America to build a better life for themselves. Suyuan Woo wanted to have a daughter like herself, and no one would look down on her. It was important that she speak perfect English and hopefully not share in the same tragedies and sorrows she had known. The movie brought this concept out very vividly. You were able to imagine the time and place and the emotions of the characters. Their anger in the early years, how women and children were treated as possessions. The book spoke of Rose Hsu Jordan, daughter of An-mei Hsu, who had seven brothers and sisters. A very tragic time in her life when her brother Bing drowns at age 1 while she was in charge of watching him. The movie does not touch upon this tragic event and brings out the rich family Rose marries into, and the instant rejection from her boyfriends mother. Rose unhappiness in her marriage with Tod, is similar to the unhappiness her mother had throughout her life. Lindo Jong was a special character in the book , referring to promises she made to her mother as a young girl, and keeping them throughout her life. She was actually abandoned by her family and Lindo was sent to live with her future husband's family. She never complained because she would never dishonor her mother. The movie did an excellent job of showing us the culture during that time in China and how the matchmaker arranged the marriages at an early age. She is a very smart girl and figures out how she could get out of this marriage and still keep her promise to her mother. She puts the blame on the matchmaker and is released from the marriage. When speaking of strong characters in the book, one would have to include Waverl y Jong, daughter of Lindo Jong. She was a bright child who became a famous chess player, which made her mother very proud. The movie brought out her unhappiness in her life and the unhappy relationship with her mother. The two shared similar lives even though they lived in different countries and different times. Ying-ying St Clair, according to the book, was married at an early age and referred to her husband as a bad man. In fact she tried so hard to forget him she forgets his name. She tells of taking her baby before it was born because of the hate she has for her husband. The movie tells the story a little different in reference to her baby. After her husband comes home with his mistress and causes her shame, she drowns her tiny infant while bathing him. A tragic and emotional part in the movie. Lena St Clair, daughter of Lindo St Clair, may not have had such a tragic relationship with her husband as did her mother; but she was unable to find happiness in her marriage. The book and movie were similar in showing us the relationship she had with Harold.

PhD Thesis Writing

PhD Thesis Writing PhD Thesis Writing PhD Thesis Writing: The Way to Ease Your Job Some students set the precise objects during the education course in the university. The majority of students prefer to graduate successfully and obtain the solid and well-paid job position in the future. It is absolutely normal, but the role of universities could be underestimated. For instance, to prepare the perspective and competent researcher the students have to write the appropriate PhD thesis. For the university it would be a good chance to check the skills of student, his/her predisposition to qualitative and objective research, and his/her ability to conduct the solid research work independently. PhD thesis is a serious, probably, decisive work for the student who intend to build the career of successful researcher. PhD Thesis: Preparation and Key Factors. PhD thesis is a type of work that requires a competence and deep understanding of the subject. The good and thorough preparation will put basis for possible success. Firs t of all, as a researcher, you have to select to area of research try to choose the most appropriate sphere, where you could unlock your analyzing potential. Do not underestimate the option of good adviser the responsible adviser can give some tips and necessary recommendation. Think about possible sources of information beforehand. Make a PhD thesis outline and define the PhD thesis proposals. It will be your detailed plan of actions. When the stage of preparation is over, we get into the next level. PhD Thesis: Tips For the Working Process Here we can mark out the following points:During your work under PhD thesis use general knowledge and the questions you are going to answer. Carefully think about the answers, remember about the regular technical progress in our life, back your words with a facts and real arguments. Do not forget about the thesis proposals and follow only by the points of your plan; point the importance of your researchs purpose; Use the approved informational sources, scientific conferences, highly-rated scientific books; When you are writing, do not forget to defense your information. Sometimes, it is useful to include the general comments of some scientific authorities; Show the reader that you approve and exploit your knowledge in practice; Do not go too far in your description speak laconically and logically. Do not be afraid to show your wide thinking, but stay away from the areas that have indirect sense in relation to your topic. Of course, you must seriously look at this task: prove you are diligent and responsible person, be argumentative and follow the instructions. Good luck, folks!

MHE599 - Culminating Project Module 5 - Case Essay

MHE599 - Culminating Project Module 5 - Case - Essay Example however in other cases their response to the disaster will be inadequate without proper steps and this will to lead to views that Federal government bodies could have done a better job. This scenario of inadequate response was visible during the disaster of Hurricane Katrina in the geographical region of Louisiana. U.S. Constitution’s 10th Amendment states that, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.† (gpoaccess.gov). That is, through this amendment, the constitution entrusts the responsibility of public health and safety of the people in a particular state to the respective states itself. This means the emergency management of disasters and other tragedies as well as law enforcement is also the responsibility of the state government and local bodies. Critics of this amendment and ones who are against further autonomy for the local governments state that giving the responsibility of public health and safety particularly during emergencies would be too much for the local bodies. The 10th Amendment provides significant responsibility on the states; however Hurricane Katrina because of certain shortfalls has proved that the amendment wrongly places too much responsibility on the states. Although, in course of our history, several state and local governments have done an adequate and commendable job in aiding the public in times of natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, Tsunami, etc, it is not the case all the time. Hurricane Katrina is one such case of inadequate response because the first responders, Louisianan government and New Orleans City council themselves became the victims of the catastrophe, as their local infrastructure was maximally wiped out. Along with this shortfall, the local bodies performed inadequately raising questions regarding the 10th Amendment and how the Federal bodies if involved maximally could have

Report and Letter Concerning Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Report and Letter Concerning Law - Case Study Example First of all, Mr. Ford is liable for having been negligent to Ms. Smith.   In the case of negligence, one must establish a duty of care.   To define negligence is to realize that it is the following.   It is:   â€Å"[c]onduct that falls below the standards of behavior established by law for the protection of others against the unreasonable risk of harm.   A person has acted negligently if he or she has departed from the conduct expected of a reasonably prudent person acting under similar circumstances.†      Obviously, Mr. Ford’s conduct was well below standards established by law to protect others against risk of harm according to the rules of the road.   Mr. Ford put Ms. Smith at unreasonable risk of harm.   Mr. Ford, subsequentially, by diverting his vehicle from the proper direction on the road in front of him, did not act as a reasonably prudent person in making the choice to pass the cars that were ahead of him—solely for the purpose of o vertaking the cars in front of him.To maintain negligence was a â€Å"cause of action,† there are four criteria which must be met:1. â€Å" [T]he defendant had a duty [or a promise to exercisecare] to the plaintiff..[;] [2.]   [T]he defendant breached that duty by failing to conform to the required standard of conduct..[;] [3.]   [T]he defendant’s negligent conduct was the cause of   harm to the plaintiff..[;] and [4.]   [T]he plaintiff was, in fact, harmed or damaged.†Ã‚  ... 1. " [T]he defendant had a duty [or a promise to exercise care] to the plaintiff..[;] [2.] [T]he defendant breached that duty by failing to conform to the required standard of conduct..[;] [3.] [T]he defendant's negligent conduct was the cause of harm to the plaintiff..[;] and [4.] [T]he plaintiff was, in fact, harmed or damaged."3 As it concerns Mr. Ford, he first had an obligation to Ms. Smith that that he had the duty to her to be a responsible driver. He then breached such obligation to be a responsible driver by going into her lane just because he wanted to overtake the line of cars ahead of him. Mr. Ford's third cause of action, that his conduct was harmful to Ms. Smith-as Ms. Smith consequentially broke her left fibula and was left with three cracked ribs-is an obvious factor, seeing as how the facts of the case prove this. Lastly, it is apparent that Ms. Smith was harmed in the accident. All of these aspects help prove further that Mr. Ford was negligent towards Ms. Smith. From having suffered this negligence, Ms. Smith has some recourse in presenting her case as a personal injury case in court. Ms. Smith could sue for pain and suffering incurred, which would include the "mental and emotional trauma which are recoverable as elements of damage in torts."4 Mr. Ford would not be able to receive any monetary awards due to damages on his car. He would have no case, as he would be the defendant. Further, the fact that Ms. Smith was convicted of not having vehicle insurance two days prior to the accident does not have a bearing on her receiving benefits from this torts case. However, Mr. Ford is liable to Ms. Smith for having been the cause of Ms. Smith's health problems and subsequent future

Analyse the Pay Tv Market in Sa Using the Five Forces Framework Essay Example for Free

Analyse the Pay Tv Market in Sa Using the Five Forces Framework Essay The threat of new entrants in the South African Pay TV market is low for reasons discussed below: Capital Requirements: The case study clearly states that Top TV spent in the region of R1 billion to become operational which shows that the capital needed to do business in this industry is steep. The case also highlight other licensees such as WOWtv and Telkom Media (later sold to become Super 5 Media) struggling to launch and pay debts respectively. Further proving that the capital needed to operate in this environment is very huge requiring investors with a strong financial muscle. Product Differentiation: There is brand identification and loyalty to DStv for the simple reason that it has been the only player (monopoly) in this industry for more than 15 years and has built huge fences around it to couple brand loyalty by entering into long exclusive deals with some of the biggest channels and studios in the US. Cost Disadvantages: DStv has benefitted from the learning and experience curve and being that it has been the only player in the market for a long time it has exploited this by entering into long exclusive deals, putting proper technology infrastructure to avoid technical glitches that for instance Top TV experienced. These cost advantages positions DStv well ahead of new entrants or discourages new entrants. The threat of new entrants is also low because of the fighting muscle DStv has in fighting off new entrants as it demonstrated to Top TV, by coming up with a new range of packages that also targeted the lower LSM groups which Top TV had targeted. This repositioning of DStv had huge repel effects on Top TV to a point that Top TV is fighting to stay in business. Last but not least DStv has gained economies of scale in research, marketing and financing over the years they have been operating as a monopoly.

Henri Cartier-Bresson :: History

Henri Cartier-Bresson Henri Cartier-Bresson has been called "equivocal, ambivalent and accidental"1 since his debut as a photojournalist. Amplified and enriched, the work of the photographer is revealed in all its grandeur. While he may appear to "be a hurried man or a traveler without luggage"2, to quote a few of his titles, he is a poet, attentive to the act of love made with each photograph, and this is where the genius is revealed. From a desired distance, we discover simultaneously the geographer, who analyses the permanence or vulnerability of cultures; the ethnographer, who captures gestures of work and rituals of religion; the anthropologist, who reflects the spectrum of emotions; and the sociologist, who reveals the development of destinies and histories.3 Cartier-Bresson's dependence and uncompromising view of photography; to rely solely on the moment in time, is why he will always be remembered. Born in 1908, Cartier-Bresson studied painting with Andre Lhote in Paris, then painting and literature at Cambridge University in 1928 and developed a serious interest in photography in 1931. His work was first exhibited at the Julien Levy Gallery, New York, and first published in Vu magazine in 1932. He has been involved in numerous films, such as La Vie est a nous (1936), Le Regle du jeu (1939), his documentary film on the hospitals of Republican Spain in 1937 and his film on the liberation of the concentration camps with Richard Banks called Le Retour (1945). His work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1946, and in 1947 he became co-founder of The Magnum photographic agency. He has published over a dozen books and has had his photographs printed in hundreds of magazines. Cartier-Bresson traveled the world so that he may document and present to others the human condition. His photographs transcend any particular time or place. Instead, they capture the very essence of life, be it Harlem, Madrid, Shanghai or the Paris rue Mouffetard (Ill. 2)4. In rural Europe, silent in the absence of the engine, and where everything was still done by animals and human beings, he portrays, unaltered, a society's captivating traits. At times his poetic intention towards subject matter is inadvertently socially charged, which makes his work all the more intriguing5. Each of Cartier-Bresson's photographs presents itself not as part of a series, an archive selected among others, but as a singular work of art which, with its own formal qualities and unique meanings, exists in itself. Henri Cartier-Bresson :: History Henri Cartier-Bresson Henri Cartier-Bresson has been called "equivocal, ambivalent and accidental"1 since his debut as a photojournalist. Amplified and enriched, the work of the photographer is revealed in all its grandeur. While he may appear to "be a hurried man or a traveler without luggage"2, to quote a few of his titles, he is a poet, attentive to the act of love made with each photograph, and this is where the genius is revealed. From a desired distance, we discover simultaneously the geographer, who analyses the permanence or vulnerability of cultures; the ethnographer, who captures gestures of work and rituals of religion; the anthropologist, who reflects the spectrum of emotions; and the sociologist, who reveals the development of destinies and histories.3 Cartier-Bresson's dependence and uncompromising view of photography; to rely solely on the moment in time, is why he will always be remembered. Born in 1908, Cartier-Bresson studied painting with Andre Lhote in Paris, then painting and literature at Cambridge University in 1928 and developed a serious interest in photography in 1931. His work was first exhibited at the Julien Levy Gallery, New York, and first published in Vu magazine in 1932. He has been involved in numerous films, such as La Vie est a nous (1936), Le Regle du jeu (1939), his documentary film on the hospitals of Republican Spain in 1937 and his film on the liberation of the concentration camps with Richard Banks called Le Retour (1945). His work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1946, and in 1947 he became co-founder of The Magnum photographic agency. He has published over a dozen books and has had his photographs printed in hundreds of magazines. Cartier-Bresson traveled the world so that he may document and present to others the human condition. His photographs transcend any particular time or place. Instead, they capture the very essence of life, be it Harlem, Madrid, Shanghai or the Paris rue Mouffetard (Ill. 2)4. In rural Europe, silent in the absence of the engine, and where everything was still done by animals and human beings, he portrays, unaltered, a society's captivating traits. At times his poetic intention towards subject matter is inadvertently socially charged, which makes his work all the more intriguing5. Each of Cartier-Bresson's photographs presents itself not as part of a series, an archive selected among others, but as a singular work of art which, with its own formal qualities and unique meanings, exists in itself.

Enlightened Philosophers (John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau)

John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were all enlightenment philosophers. Each of these men had a particular view of government, society, and its citizens and they were all passionate about their works. Locke (1632- 1704) was an English philosopher, his ideas had a great impact on the development of political philosophy and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential enlightenment thinkers. Montesquieu (1689- 1755) believed that all things were made up of laws that never changed. His most famous work, The Spirit of Laws, outlined his ideas on how government would work best.Voltaire (1694- 1778) was a poet, an essayist, playwright, historian, and above all, a critic of society. He was a great crusader for liberty and was twice imprisoned for his writings. Rousseau (1712-1778) generally recycled older enlightenment ideas but is well known for his passionate rhetoric, which enflamed a generation and beyond. John Locke’s view of government was that it was good to have one. The people may put their trust in the government so that in turn, the government may trust the people and protect their rights. The reason why men choose and give power to lawmakers is that there may be made, and rules set, as guards and fences†¦ The people are right in trying to put the laws in the hands of the government which will protect their rights. (Excerpt from Locke's Two Treatises with Government) †. Within the government, there were societies. Lock felt that the people needed/ wanted a government to protect their rights. They don’t, however, want to be victims of power abuse by the government. â€Å"The reason why men enter into society is to preserve their property. Two Treatises with Government) †. Every society is made up of citizens; he believed that People (lawmakers) will inevitably abuse their power at some point. When this happens, people should have the right to break free from the government. â€Å"Whe n lawmakers abuse absolute power and try to take away and destroy the property of the people†¦ The people are then freed from any further obedience to lawmakers†¦ (Two Treatises with Government) †. If Locke were alive during the Renaissance period, his views may have shifted.Lock may have been less bold about his reasons â€Å"why men enter into a society†. The renaissance was a time of peace and prosperity. Humanism, self awareness, art, and science were a big deal and his view of people and their â€Å"state in nature† may have changed because people were thinking differently during those times. During the Protestant Reformation, times were also different and his opinion may have altered again. Locke may have not cared about the people as much because he was too busy criticizing the government/ churches.The Protestant Reformation was a time where people were very critical of the churches because they abused their power which is one of Locke's philosop hies; people want to be protected by the government, not abused. During the Scientific Revolution, however, people were big on science and the people; not so much the churches/ government so Locke's view may have changed again. He probably would feel the same way about the government but less harsh about the people. As times change, so do peoples’ opinions. Baron de Montesquieu believed in a government slightly different than Locke's.Montesquieu still believed in a central government but he thought that laws should be specific to different parts of the world where as different law may have to be enforced in different places. In his most famous work, The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu says â€Å"Laws†¦should be adapted for the people for whom they are framed†¦they should be relative to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Montesquieu’s view of society, however, differed very much from Locke's. Montesquieu felt that people become intoxicated on power when they have enough of it and they couldn’t handle having more than the person next to them. Political liberty can only be found in moderate governments when there is no abuse of power. (The Spirit of Laws) † Montesquieu feels the same way about individual citizens as he does about the general society. People always abuse their powers. No matter how small the amount they have, they will push their credibility to the edge. â€Å"Constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to abuse it and carry it as far as it will go. (The Spirit of Laws) †. As the renaissance came around, Montesquieu would definitely not have had such a bad opinion of man.As previously mentioned, the renaissance was a time for prosperity and there was a focus on humanism. Montesquieu believed that men will abuse any power that they are given but during the renaissance, people were much different. As for the Protestant Reformation, Montesquieu woul d probably feel the same way as his original philosophy. Nobody liked each other during the Protestant Reformation but the liked the government/ churches even less. There’s no doubt that people would abuse their power and the government should be split in 3 sections.However, during the Scientific Revolution, Montesquieu would feel the same about the people and probably would view the government the same way. During the Scientific Revolution, people were recovering from the Protestant Reformation but it was the abuse of power that put them there in the first place and they needed a stable government. Jean Jacques Rousseau was similar to Locke in his belief of a government. Rousseau believes that government is necessary for stability but only to an extent. If the king/ government should go against the people, they have a right to demand their freedom. No one – not even a king – has the right to go against the community as a whole. If a ruler was tyrannical and wen t against the will of the people the social contract is broken and the people had a right to demand their freedom (The Social Contract)†. Rousseau’s view of society was also good in that he did not criticize anything; he merely made the observation that in a society, people all have to abide by all the same rules because this keeps them at bay. â€Å"The essence of the social contract can be stated simply: each individual surrenders all his rights to the community (The Social Contract). Rousseau’s view of citizens basically adds onto his view of how they react in society. He believes that people want to live amongst each other in peace; they want to be protected and live by certain guidelines to ensure prosperity. During the Protestant Reformation, Rousseau’s ideas would have changed drastically. People were definitely not living in peace and the government/churches were what got them into a mess in the first place. During the Protestant Reformation peopl e were basically at war with the church and anyone who disagreed with their opinion.During the Scientific Revolution, people need a stable government because of what happened during the Protestant Reformation. However, people also wanted to live in peace with the government and their neighbors and whoever else. Rousseau would have felt the same about the government and about how people were living their lives during the Scientific Revolution as he would have from his original philosophy. Voltaire does not seem to care much for the government, â€Å"He was a great crusader for liberty and was twice imprisoned for his writings. His view of society was that people should be accepting and understanding of each other; when people do not accept each other and their ways of thinking, nothing good will come of it. â€Å"Tolerance has never brought about civil war. Intolerance has covered the earth with destruction (A Treatise on Toleration). † When it comes to individuals, Voltaire is lighter with his words; he doesn’t penalize them for his distaste in the government. Voltaire believed that people should have certain unalienable rights that cannot be revoked unless they are causing some sort of a public disturbance. Each person must be permitted to believe and to think that which he rightly believes in. Each person should be able to speak freely as long as it does not disturb the public order. Each person must be able to freely practice any religion which he believes in†¦ (A Treatise on Toleration). † Voltaire would have the same feelings about the government and about the people during the Protestant Reformation. It was a time when nobody liked the government/ churches and the people wanted their rights because they were losing faith in religion.During the Scientific Revolution people wanted their rights because they weren’t big on religion anymore, so, Voltaire probably would have felt the same way as his original writings. In conclu sion, each philosopher had their own ideas and ways of thinking about the government, different societies, and its citizens. Each man may have also been influenced differently by the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, or the Scientific Revolution. These enlightenment philosophers have left their mark on history and will always be remembered as influential figures.

Shoe Horn Sonata Essay Essay

Distinctively visual explores how we see and or visualize images in a way that allows us to become aware of various aspects in society. The play, The Shoe Horn Sonata written by John Misto and the film clip Stupid Girls by Pink, use distinctively visual elements to create a sense of awareness about women. Misto’s script pays tribute to the Australian female nurses in WWII, revealing the realities of war through the strength and resilience of Bridie and Sheila. Similarly, the characterization of the ‘stupid girls’ in Pink’s film clip, highlight the toxic messages of consumerism aimed at young girls. She ironically does this by exploiting her celebrity status through the media. Both composers position the responder to question the past and the media, and realize what woman have gone and are going through. In The Shoe Horn Sonata, Misto reveals the ignorance portrayed by the British and Australian government towards the women held captive in old Singapore. The contrast between the projected images of the â€Å"1942 Singapore† and the accompaniment of the patriotic song ‘Rule Britannia’ emphaises the idiotic attitude of the British government, as their belief towards the Japanese invasion was seen as surreal. This is further highlighted when the British state â€Å"don’t listen to rumour†. As a result of the British’s attitude the vivid images of â€Å"burning ships† and â€Å"women prisoners of the Japanese†¦skin and bone and dressed in rags† position the audience to become aware of the selfish views by the British. Similarly to this, the Australian government’s advice to â€Å"keep smiling† ironically implies their ignorant view towards the women. This is contrasted with the projected images of â€Å"Prime Minister John Curtain†¦quite distressed† and â€Å"emaciated male prisoners of war, starving† showing his concern for the dying male POWs. This shows an existence of sexism in which Misto positions us to become aware of this issue, raised during wartime. Misto uses ignorance of the British government to show the strength of these women who from the beginning have little support from a supposedly ‘great’ nation. Their ignorance becomes another struggle these women have to overcome in their journey to freedom. Showing what these women were up against, Misto demonstrates the significance of this event in history. By experiencing times of hardship, the strength amongst individuals continues to grow. Misto presents this through the motif of the shoe horn which becomes not only a survival tool but a catalyst for the growth of the relationship between Bridie and Sheila. In scene three the shoe horn is physically shown when Bridie and Sheila retell of their survival in the ocean, in which Bridie used it as a buoyant for Sheila. This is accompanied by the sound effect of waves which allows the audience to visualize the setting and empathise with the struggle they endured. At the play’s ending, the spotlight of the shoe horn is the final object seen by the audience, highlighting the significance of this object, representing all memories of the POW camp The ‘Blue Danube Waltz’ accompanies the shoe horn, which symbolises a sense of freedom as it becomes â€Å"the music of joy and triumph and survival†. When Sheila uncovers her buried past â€Å"So I went to the Japs† the shoe horn is revealed as a tangible object, highlighting her fearful memories of when she sacrificed her virginity to the Japanese. This depicts not only the horrible realities of war but also the strength of Bridie and Sheila’s relationship as Sheila states â€Å"I couldn’t let you die and leave me, I wouldn’t have survived†. The shoe horn was also used as a metronome for the sonata which showed a sense of unity and strength amongst the women, who fought to survive â€Å"fifty voices set us free†. Misto positions the audience to identify the suffering and pain these women had experienced, thus become aware of the harsh realities of war. However it is through their strength within themselves and as a group that allows them to survive. Conversely to this, Pink uses symbolism to show the influence of consumerism on the youth and the messages portrayed by the media. In the first scene Pink’s choice of age is used with the little girl representing innocence holding a Barbie doll signifying consumerism, emphasizes the influence that has already impacted on young girls. The juxtaposition of the angel and the devil symbolizes the choices that young girls face in order to live a normal lifestyle. In the bowling scene, the close up of the inflatable breasts shows the absurdity of the shot and emphasise the focus on ‘body’ rather than mind. This suggests that the media is convincing young girls to act, behave and be a certain way. Consumerism is dangerous as it can lead to more serious consequences e.g. eating disorders and oversexualisation. Pink  positions the audience to not only identify this issue but to take action so to prevent this happening further to the younger generation. Like Pink, Misto shows how the ignorance of the British has led to a deadly consequence of the women being held captive as POWs. The unconvential line of â€Å"if only they had† suggests that if the British had believed the invasion was occurring, then they would have saved more lives. Unlike Misto, Pink uses satire to manipulate the celebrity lifestyle to which young girls look up to. In the bulimia scene, when Pink states â€Å"I totally had more than three hundred calories today, that was so not sexy† followed by the close up of the toothbrush symbolizes the expected way to loose weight, hence body image is seen as a priority for young females. By cutting between the sex tape and car washing scenes it conveys the oversexualisation of the popular culture in contemporary society, to which Pink states â€Å"she’s dancing in the video next to fifty cent†. This suggests that through the actions of female role models, young girls are influenced to act like a â€Å"stupid girl† in order to live up to society’s expectations. Thus Pink positions the audience to become aware of the false images that these celebrities portray. Like Pink, Misto conveys the struggle that these women endure in order to survive, through the symbolism of the caramel representing their only luxury of food, which Misto positions us to empathise with their struggle. This inevitably shows the strength of the women prisoners but also the strength of women who fight to raise awareness about issues in the contemporary society. Both texts provide a detailed analysis on the struggle of women in the past and in today’s society, positioning the responder to identify with their pain and suffering. Through the use of distinctively visual elements, Misto emphasizes the strength of these women who fought to survive whilst experiencing the horrible realities of war as POWS. Similarly, Pink’s use of distinctively visual elements portrays the toxic and false messages the media impose on young females in order to live a ‘celebrity lifestyle’. However both the composers enable the audience to empathise with these women during wartime but to also take action towards the issue of consumerism amongst female teenagers.

Machiavelli and Socrates

Everyone has their own philosophies to deal with life as it is thrown at them. Machiavelli and Socrates offer guidance to societies so they may succeed, as noble rulers. Machiavelli gives his go get them attitude to help maintain power, which I agree with, and Socrates lays out his ideas of enlightenment to rule. Michiavelli gives great advice for someone living in America in the year 2000, so that they my gain and maintain power. As a whole Americans need to embraces the ideas of Socrates to be wise and just leaders. I support Machiavellis way of dealing with the way people really behave, and how the world is. It makes more sense, to deal with people and situations of the world in their natural state. Attempting to change people that are set in their ways is much more difficult, than just handling people in a way that they are accustom to. Humans feel safer when they follow actions that have already been proven successful, outsiders should work with them by what that group knows. Machiavelli says, since men almost always tread the paths made by others and proceed in their affairs by imitation, although they are not completely able to stay on the path of others nor attain the skill of those they imitate, a prudent man should always enter those paths taken by great men and imitate those who have been most excellent, so that if ones own skill does not match theirs, at least it will have the smell of it (Machiavelli, 20). This is relevant because in society citizens tend to pass on teachings to the next generations, and to behave as they did to continue their customs. Thus in trying to deal with people, you should also understand where they are coming from in their actions. When a person attains a high position of authority, it is truly better for them to be feared than loved by their subjects. For the leader to maintain their position they need to be...

BristolMyers Squibb Company Essay Research Paper Joseph

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Essay, Research Paper Joseph Esposito Intermediate Accounting II Dr. Ahmed Goma Bristol-Myers Squibb Company# 8220 ; A Critical Analysis to Disclosure in Financial Reporting # 8221 ; Bristol-Myers mission is to be the preeminent planetary diversified wellness and personal attention Company. Bristol-Myers seeks to accomplish success in the planetary market place. Product- Bristol-Myers is a shaper of many utile merchandises that people use and may depend on today. There merchandises range from Pharmaceutical ( $ 8,672 million ) , consumer medical specialties ( $ 4,278 million ) , Clairol a good known hair attention system ( $ 1,160 million ) , Matrix ( $ 306 million ) , Mead Johnson nutritionary ( $ 1,789 million ) , Convatec ( $ 726 million ) , and Zimmer ( $ 1,134 ) . Some of Bristol-Myers more good known Pharmaceuticals are Taxol which is a anticancer agent that Bristol-Myers Squibb has made one of its top research and development precedences worldwide and Pravachol received FDA labeling as the universe # 8217 ; s first lipid take downing drug to forestall first bosom onslaughts. Some of Bristol-Myers well-known world-wide consumer merchandises are Ban ( deodourant ) , Nuprin, Bufferin and Excedrin ( concern alleviation drugs ) merely celebrated its thirtieth twelvemonth. Clairol is known as one of he most widely used hair attention merchandises around the universe. Matrix a subordinate of Bristol-Myers makes merchandises such as Vavoom and Biolace hair attention merchandises. Mead Johnson Nutritional another one of Bristol-Myers really successful subordinates trades with vitamins and pamper expressions such as well-known favourites like Enfamil which is said to be every bit close to breast milk. Convatec which deals with lesion, skin attention and chronic attention merchandises. Finally, Zimmer is a shaper of surgical attention devices. Industry- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company is in one of the most competitory industries in the universe. In the last 10 old ages pharmaceutical merchandises have become progressively of import. With such diseases such as Aids and Cancer blighting our society, companies such as Bristol-Myers have to take a lead function in contending these deathly diseases. Bristol-Myers is known as one of the leaders against malignant neoplastic disease. In January of 1991 Bristol-Myers was chosen by the National Career Institute ( NCI ) to go a commercial developer of Paclitaxol, now Taxol, which is the discovery intervention against Ovarian and chest malignant neoplastic disease. Taxol comes from a rare species of yew tree found in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Fabrication of the substance International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t easy due to the 50-step procedure taken to pull out it. Bristol-Myers made Taxol its figure one Research and Development precedence. Bristol-Myers leads worldwide in Cancer research and prides itself on it. Market- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company # 8217 ; s market International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t merely the U.S. Its market extends all over the universe, from Europe, Asia and South America. One of Bristol-Myers biggest market is Eastern Europe. A Magyar company named Pharmavit develops one of Eastern Europe # 8217 ; s most popular vitamins called Plusssz. Plusssz has achieved 97 per centum name acknowledgment in Hungary. Fifty per centum of the people have used the merchandise while 24 per centum usage it on a regular basis. The Plusssz line has become so successful that Mead Johnson, Bristol-Myers planetary nutritionary concern, is test selling Plusssz for launch in the Philippines and many other parts of the universe. Plusssz has established Bristol-Myers as an instant participant in Hungary, a market that is among the most competitory in all of Eastern Europe. Similarities and Differences- There are many similarities and differences between Bristol-Myers Annual Reports, Form 10K and 10Q Reports. The one-year studies for Bristol-Myers are really colourful and elaborate. However the Form 10K and 10Q studies are non colourful but merely Fiscal Statements. The one-year study is designed for the stockholder and informs any would be purchaser. Whereas the Form10K and 10Q studies are in apparent black and white and function the intent of informing none merely the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . It is non sent out to stockholders or would be stockholders so it isn # 8217 ; t as brassy and calendered as the one-year study. The Form 10K study has many studies inside. The 10K first begins with an debut merely as the one-year study does with a description of Bristol-Myers. It than goes into item about its merchandises much like the one-year study, nevertheless with no images or colour which the one-year study uses to its advantage. Howev er the 10K study doesn # 8217 ; t explicate in item about the merchandises. It gives a short description whereas the one-year study goes into full item about all its merchandises. After merchandises the 10K goes into item about its Domestic and Foreign operations. It starts speaking about belongingss and some of Bristol-Myers legal proceedings. The one-year study besides talks about its judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s but it hides it manner in the dorsum of the study. Largely everything from growing to success is talked about in the one-year study. After judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s the 10K goes into more about the Executive Officers, there names and ages to their place on the board. The Form 10K study is a study that is published by the financial twelvemonth while the Form 10Q study is published quarterly and the one-year study is done every twelvemonth. The Form 10K study uses a five-year fiscal sum-up. The Form 10Q studies about the company in quarters, while the one-year study summarizes the twelvemonth. In 1994, Note 1 of the Accounting rules negotiations about the Basis of Consolidation. Which merely explains that the fiscal statements have Bristol-Myers and all of its subordinates. Cash and Cash Equivalents which is the hard currency on hard currency equivalents that mature in three months or less at the clip of purchase, recorded at cost, which approximates market. Time Deposits and Marketable Securities are available for sale and are recorded at just value, which approximates cost. Inventory rating are by and large stated at mean cost, non in surplus of market. Property and Depreciation- outgos for extra reclamations and improvement # 8217 ; s are capitalized at cost, while depreciation is computed utilizing the straight-line method. The extra to be over the net assets received prior to October 31, 1970is being amortized on a straight-line footing over periods non transcending 40 old ages. The net incomes per portion are computed utilizing the weighted-average figure of portion s outstanding during the twelvemonth. Note 1 Accounting Principles is the same enemy 1995 and 1996. In 1994 Note 2 they talk about Particular Charge, which explains the judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s of the company for that twelvemonth. It is the same for 1995. In 1996 Note 2 they talk about all of there acquisitions for the twelvemonth alternatively of the judicial proceeding # 8217 ; s from the old twelvemonth cause a colony was made in 1995. For 1994 and 1995 they talk about acquisitions in Note 3. For Note 4 in 1994 and 1995 they talk about the restructuring programs for the twelvemonth. In 1994 and 1995 they explain foreign currency passage and in 1996 it is included under note 4. In 1994 and 1995 note 6 explains other income and disbursals and in 1996 they talk about there stock lists. In 1994 and 1995 note 7 contains information on proviso for income revenue enhancements, net incomes before income revenue enhancements, nevertheless in 1996 belongings, works and equipment in note 7. In 1994 and 1995 stock lists is explained for note 8, but in 1996 short-run adoption and long-run debt is the high spot for note 8. In 1994 and 1995 note 9 contains the belongings, works and equipment information, but 1996 shareholders equity is in note 9. Accrued disbursals and other liabilities are given in 1994 and 1995 for note 10, but in 1996 they talk about the fiscal instruments. In 1994 and 1995 note 11 goes on about the short term adoption and long term debt and in 1996 note 11 negotiations a small about rentals. Financial Instrument is headlined in note 12 for 1994 and 1995, nevertheless 1996goes into the section information. In 1994 and 1996 retirement benefits are e xplained in note 13, but in 1995 shareholders equity is the pick here. In 1994 and 1996 note 14 contains postretirement benefits plans other than pension, and in 1995 rental is the topic. In 1994 shareholders equity is brought up and 1995 postretirement benefits and plans other than pensions are talked about in item while in 1996 the eventualities of the litigation’s are brought up and there consequences. In 1994 note 17 contains the section information foe the companies merchandises are reported. In 1995 eventualities is the topic of the consequences of their litigation’s through the twelvemonth. And in 1994 eventualities is the concluding note 18. Note 9- Stockholders # 8217 ; Equity: On December 3,1996, Bristol-Myers Squibb board of managers authorized a two-for-one split of it common stock effectual February of 1997. The board besides recommended an amendment be considered for blessing at the one-year meeting of shareholders to increase the figure of authorised portions of common stock from 1.5 billion to 2.25 billion portions. Each of the companies preferred portions are exchangeable to 8.48 portions of common stock and is callable at the companies option. The decrease in 1996, 1995, and 1994 were a consequence due to the transition in common stock. The dividends per common stock for 1996 was $ 1.50, 1995 it was $ 1.48 and in 1994 it was $ 1.46. Stock Compensation Plans: The company allows officers, managers and cardinal employees to buy company # 8217 ; s stock at no less than 100 % of the market monetary value on the day of the month the option is granted. Options by and large become exercisable at installments of 25 % per twelvemonth and have a upper limit of 10 old ages. The program besides provides granting of stock grasp rights where the grantee may give up exercisable options and receive common stock or hard currency measured by the extra market monetary value of the common stock over the exercising monetary value. This program besides guarantees certain executives allowing of performance-based stock options. Under the TeamShare Stock Option Plan, all full clip employees, excepting cardinal executives that meet certain old ages of service demands are granted these options to buy the company # 8217 ; s common stock on the day of the month of the market monetary value. The company authorized 30,000,000 for issue under this program. As of December 31,1996, 20,250,800 options were granted under the program with 400 options granted to eligible employers. These options become exercisable on the 3rd anniversary day of the month. The company applies the Accounting Principles Board sentiment No.25, Accounting for Stock issued to Employees, in accounting for its programs. If the compensation cost for the companies other stock option programs been determined based on the just value at the grant day of the month consistent with the metrology prescribed under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, The companies net income and net incomes per port ion would hold been reduced by $ 55 million or $ .05 per portion in 1996 and $ 35 million or $ .03 per portion in 1995. The just value of options granted in 1996 and 1995 were $ 8.51 per portion and $ 6.47 per portion utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing. At December 31, 1996, 104,976,640 portions of common stock was reserved for issue to the stock programs options of the preferable stock. For each outstanding portion the company gives one Right. The Right becomes exercisable if the individual or group acquires good involvement of 15 % or more, of the companies common stock. Each Right entitles the individual to purchase one one-thousandth of a portion of a series of preferable stock at the exercising monetary value of $ 200. The Right expires on December 18,1997. Each Right entitles its holder to get portions have a value twice the Right # 8217 ; s exert monetary value. The company than can deliver the Rights at $ .01 per Right at any clip until the 15th twenty-four hours after the proclamation that a 15 % place has been acquired. Note 1 Accounting Policies: Note 1 Accounting Policies are the same in all three old ages: Footing of Consolidation The amalgamate fiscal statements include the histories of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and all of its subordinates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and hard currency equivalents chiefly include securities with a adulthood of three months or less at the clip of purchase, recorded at cost, which approximates the market. Time Deposits and Market Securities Time sedimentations and marketable securities are available for sale and are recorded at just value, which approximates cost. Inventory Evaluation Inventories are by and large stated at mean cost, non in surplus of market. Capital Assets and Depreciation Outgos for add-ons, reclamations and improvement # 8217 ; s are capitalized at cost. Depreciation is by and large computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated utile lives of the related assets. Excess of cost over Net Tangible Assetss The surplus of cost over net tangibles assets receives in concern acquisitions is being amortized on a straight-line footing over periods non transcending 40 old ages. Net incomes Per Share Net incomes per common portion are computed utilizing the leaden mean figure of portions outstanding during the twelvemonth. The consequence of portions issuable under stock programs is non important. Bristol-Myers recorded a $ 310 million restructuring charge, $ 198 after revenue enhancements, in the 4th one-fourth of 1995. The restructuring had to make with the consolidation of workss, and installations related to employees expirations. The charge consisted of employee related costs of $ 190 million, $ 100 million of assets write-downs and $ 20 million of other related disbursals. Note 10 Fiscal Instruments: Bristol-Myers enter a foreign exchange option and send on the contracts to pull off its exposure to its currency fluctuations. Bristol-Myers has been exposed to foreign currency assets and liabilities, which totaled $ 1,640 million, $ 1,385 million and $ 1,117 million at December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994. The chief currency it is in is Deutsche Markss, Gallic francs, Italian lira and Nipponese hankering. The company mitigates the currency and its consequence through 3rd party borrowers and foreign exchange forward contracts. Foreign exchange option contract normally expire within the twelvemonth and are used to fudge intercompany cargos happening during the twelvemonth. Additions are recognized in the same period as the weasel-worded minutess. Some foreign exchange forwards are used to minimise exposure to fluctuating exchange rates. Additions or losingss are recognized as weasel-worded minutess. The sums of the companies contracts at December 31, 1996, 1995 and 1994 were $ 1,331 million, $ 1,377 and $ 1,120 million. The company does non fear for any inauspicious consequence on its financials ensuing from its engagement in this. At December 31,1996, 1995, and 1994 the transporting value of all fiscal instruments, both short-run and long-run, equal the just value. Decision I found Bristol-Myers to be a really interesting company. They have a wide scope of merchandises and they are known around the universe. Whether it is in the United States or every bit far as Europe and Asia. They lead the universe in malignant neoplastic disease research, but at that place research and development goes beyond merely contending malignant neoplastic disease. They have managed to dunk at that place manus in every market in the universe. Whether it is malignant neoplastic disease research to basic nutritionary demands to hair merchandise. Everything that we might utilize and take for granted might hold been produced by Bristol-Myers or one of there subordinates. Bristol-Myers genuinely has an border in what of all time they do. Strong competition though given from there rivals like Merck and Johnson A ; Johnson will assist Bristol-Myers acquire in front. Merely with this type of competition will companies win and will the people who need there valuable medical specialt y.